First published in the
Bulletin
of the Association for Coaching October 2005
Using Metaphors with Coaching
Angela Dunbar DipM MCIM
Why Metaphors?
I first came across the powerful effect of metaphors in coaching,
when I was being coached. At the time I was an NLP Practitioner,
working towards Master level with my own relationship issues. I
thought it would be beneficial to get coached by someone with an NLP
background.
I went into the first session with my normal, logical thinking
patterns, and came out with a completely different awareness of life,
the universe and myself. I felt like Alice, having fallen down the
rabbit hole and finding herself in Wonderland. I was in total awe of
my own internal metaphoric representations, and amazed at how deeply
I was affected by them.
Since then, I have been on a journey; a treasure hunt; a quest for
more knowledge and understanding; a thirst for learning how other
people use metaphors, and a love that fills my heart and radiates out
a belief in the magic inside us all. How metaphoric is that?
Metaphors are a wonderful, descriptive tool for communication that
can inspire others, but they are also much more.
A metaphor can be viewed as simply one person's description of
something as 'like' something else. In George Lakoff and Mark
Johnson's mind-expanding book, Metaphors We Live By, they say:
"The essence of metaphor is understanding and experiencing one kind
of thing in terms of another." (page 5)
When one acknowledges that most of our thought processes go beyond
our conscious understanding, metaphors give a unique perspective into
how someone thinks, feels and experiences their world. Consider this
- the tangible world around us is made up of billions and billions of
constantly moving atoms and lots of empty space in between. What we
see is our own internal perception -- colours, shapes,
patternsŠ.isn't it all just a metaphor for the real thing? Perhaps
metaphors are the closest we ever get to the 'true' experience of
reality!
Carl Jung explains the importance of the unconscious mind in his
book, Man and his Symbols, Chapter One. At some point of
perception, we reach the edge of certainty beyond which conscious
knowledge cannot pass. The unconscious, however, has taken note of
all events and experiences, and will store this information in forms
and symbols that may be somewhat obscure. Jung was convinced that by
analysing those symbols that appear through connecting with our
unconscious, we have access to a much wider and more comprehensive
understanding of ourselves, our relationships and the wider world
around us.
Our use of metaphors in everyday language is one such 'key' to
deciphering our unconscious wisdom.
Metaphors give the Coach Insight
As a tool for coaching, the client's metaphors give you an insight
into their unique perception of their situation and their goals. When
the client tells you that they can 'see light at the end of the
tunnel', that is what they are experiencing. There is light for them,
and they are in a tunnel. They will unconsciously 'know' much more
about their situation from this metaphoric viewpoint. They are very
likely to know in which direction the light is, how far away it is,
and where the light comes from. They will know about the structure of
the tunnel, how it feels and looks, how narrow the passage, and
whereabouts they are in relation to the tunnel.
And more -- this is where the power of metaphor comes in. The
Client will know, on some level, what needs to happen for them to
move towards the light and get out of the tunnel. The answer can come
in pure metaphor, the person's 'real' perception of their tangible
situation will shift as their perception of the metaphor evolves and
alters.
It is estimated that the average person uses a metaphor in
everyday language once every twenty-five seconds. If you start to
really listen to the language a person is using, metaphors begin to
jump out at you. See what I mean, a jumping metaphor! I wonder how it
jumps, and what kind of metaphor is one that can jump? Right now, I
can picture tiddlywinks; bright, shiny tiddlywinks of different
colours and sizes. And each tiddlywink, when you look closely,
contains a miniature world ... and there I go, with my own metaphoric
description again!
Developing Metaphors Using Questions
When you 'spot' a metaphor used by a client, what can you do to
help them pay attention to it and understand it's importance?
A very powerful method of questioning has been developed by
psychologist David Grove, called ' Clean Language'.
The language you use is 'clean' because you say nothing to
contaminate the client's own perception. You merely direct their
attention towards the metaphor, and the shapes and symbols that
evolve from it.
Penny Tompkins and James Lawley took David Grove's process and
developed it into a model for coaching, and other therapeutic uses.
They call it "Symbolic Modelling". It is a modelling process because,
through the use of specific questions, you are attempting to
'replicate' the client's experience in your own mind.
The basic principles are congruent with any good coaching
practice:
- Ask questions to find out what the client wants.
- Ask questions to find out what needs to happen for them to get
there.
- If problems, barriers or blocks are identified, ask questions
to find out what needs to happen to overcome them.
Sounds simple enough, and indeed it is, although the questions
themselves may sound a little unusual and unfamiliar to begin with.
The questions need to be phrased in a very specific manner. There
are just 12 basic questions to use, and that may sound limiting, but
believe me you can easily go to other worlds with them!
Example Client Conversation
With practice, the flow of questions can come very naturally. As
an example, for the client who sees light at the end of the tunnel,
you might ask:
"And when you see light at the end of the tunnel, what would you
like to have happen?"
It might sound obvious to ask this, but we are all unique and some
people may be afraid of the light, be happy to stay in the tunnel, or
want to turn around and go the other way. Never assume you know what
the client may want.
The client could answer with:
"I want to get out of the tunnel and be in the
light"
OK, it's a clear goal. Stay with it and find out more about the
outcome. Let the client get a real sense of how it would be to
achieve their outcome.
"And when you get out of the tunnel, and you can be
in the light, is there anything else about that light?"
They may tell you it's warm, or brightŠ or whatever. They are
developing their sense of what it would be like.
"And when you can be in the light, what kind of
'you' is that 'you'?"
The descriptions they give may highlight other metaphors or
feelings, which you can continue to explore.
"I feel relieved, like a great weight has been
lifted from my shoulders"
"What kind of lifted is that lifted?"
or
"When you feel relieved, whereabouts do you feel
relieved?" (all feelings have a location somewhere, within or for
some, even just outside their bodies)
or
"What kind of weight is that weight?"
Once the outcome has been really explored, generally you will be
able to see/sense/notice that the client is 'connected' to a
different reality. Many clients will go into a light trance. It
usually feels quite good to be 'wallowing' in one's own outcomes.
You could then take it a step forward.
"And when you are relieved, and in the light, what
happens next?"
If all is well, they may go to another level of goal setting. It
may be that their perception has already shifted by simply exploring
the outcome. For some, this could be where the problem (particularly
if this is a 'habit') re-surfaces. Another tunnel comes along, or
something similarŠ
Then you might ask:
"What needs to happen for you to get out of the
tunnel, and be in the light?"
And
"What else needs to happen?"
People tend to stick within the logic of their metaphors. They
could walk or run out of the tunnel, but presumably something is
stopping them, else they wouldn't still be in it. It would be
'unclean' to ask what stops them, as you are assuming that there is a
'what' and a 'stop'. Let them tell you:
"And can you get out of the tunnel?"
"No, because my feet are stuck to the ground."
Ok, now you can explore the problemŠ
"What kind of 'stuck' is that 'stuck'?"
"Is there anything else about feet that are stuck?"
"What kind of ground?"
"Is there anything else about the tunnel when your feet are
stuck?"
"When your feet are stuck to the ground, and you are in the
tunnel, then what happens?"
Like an explorer, you seek to learn all you can about the terrain.
The solution, will, inevitably be within the problem somewhere. The
Client is exploring the terrain with you and will gradually perceive
more and more as you continue asking questions.
All the elements of the metaphor could potentially be resources,
something to 'unlock' or 'shift' or 'move' the problem environment.
Maybe the ground is wet and the feet can loosen. Maybe they are stuck
with glue, and the glue is so cold that is has become brittle. Maybe
there is something else in the tunnel that could change the
situation. Often, the 'scariest' part of the metaphor can turn into
something benign and useful.
Once a client 'shifts' their awareness, you can see the release in
the way they suddenly relax, or laugh, or cry. After the session, the
Client may understand perfectly what all the shapes and symbols and
elements 'meant' in the real world, but many won't have a clue on a
conscious level. The great thing is, it really doesn't matter if they
don't. The shift has happened subconsciously, the change has already
happened. One remarkable, but sometimes frustrating thing is that the
Client simply 'forgets' they ever had a problem once it's gone -- you
might not get any recognition for helping!
The 12 Basic Clean Language Questions
To find out what the client wants:
What would you like to have happen?
To develop awareness:
Gain detail: What kind of (Client's words) is that
(Client's words)?
Locate in space: Whereabouts is (Client's words)?
Expand awareness: Is there anything else about (Client's words)?
Encourage metaphor: That's (Client's words) like what?
To understand the bigger picture:
Then what happens?
What happens just before?
Where could (Client's words) have come from?
To explore relationships and connections:
And is there a relationship between (Client's words
'x') and (Client's words 'y')?
And when (Client's words) what happens to (Client's words)?
To find out how the goal can be reached:
What needs to happen for (Client's goal)?
And can (Client's words)?
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© 2005, Angela Dunbar
References:
Grove, David J. & B I Panzer, Resolving
Traumatic Memories: Metaphors and Symbols in Psychotherapy,
Irvington, New York, 1989.
Lakoff, George & Johnson, Mark, Metaphors we Live By,
University of Chicago Press, 1980.
Jung, Carl, Man and his Symbols, Aldus Books Ltd, London,
1964
Tompkins, Penny & Lawley, James,
Metaphors in Mind, The Developing
Company Press, 2000.